The unit operation is often placed in a separate buffer preparation room/area (clean room area 1). Challenges are the powder mixing time and particulate filtration filling into a receiving bag. The buffer can have a defined pH and conductivity value. The buffer is prepared with different components which could have a low solubility or a high viscosity. Buffer components could be added as a solid (powder addition via antistatic bags) or liquid (via 2D bags and titration line). The adjustment depends on the buffer strength, acid/base strengths, volume and titration line diameter. Therefore, scale down trials are recommended.